Oil: symbol in the Forex market. Classification and symbol of oils Oil symbol on the map

Every year, a huge amount of various minerals and rocks are extracted from the bowels of the Earth, which are subsequently used in various industries. So, gasoline is made from oil, our houses are heated with gas, magnificent sculptures and fountains are made from granite and marble. In this article, we will talk about the symbols for minerals that are used in mapping. And we'll show you what they look like.

Minerals and their types

Minerals are called mineral formations with certain physical and chemical properties that allow them to be effectively used in the field of material production. In the thickness of the earth's crust, they occur in the form of lenses, layers or placers. Sometimes they are concentrated in a small area, forming provinces or basins.

According to the state of aggregation, minerals are solid, liquid or gaseous, by origin - organic or inorganic. They are also divided into three large groups:

• Ore (or metal): gold, silver, platinum, titanium, nickel, uranium, iron ore.
• Non-metallic (or non-metallic): granite, marble, kaolin, graphite, limestone, sand.
• Fuel (or combustible): oil, peat, coal, natural gas, crystalline hydrates.

The quality of a particular mineral resource is determined by its physical (density, color, humidity), chemical (oxidizability, radioactivity), mechanical (hardness) properties, as well as granulometric composition. Mining began in the Paleolithic era. Today, such resources as oil, gas, coal, phosphorites and non-ferrous metal ores are most intensively extracted from the earth's interior.

Below you can see what type the most famous symbols have (iron ore, coal, gas, oil, peat). How are deposits of other minerals indicated on geographical maps? This will be discussed further.

Symbols for minerals

On geological, physical and economic maps, one can find special graphical certain deposits of mineral resources. They are generally accepted and have one look (see photo below). In most cases, the symbols for minerals are represented by simple or complex geometric shapes. Sometimes they resemble the outlines of the mineral raw materials that they represent. For example, the symbol for peat looks like briquettes of this fuel stacked on top of each other.

Sometimes ordinary colored circles are used as conditional on maps (as a rule, ore ones). Inside each of them, the Latin designation of a particular metal is indicated (for example, Fe - iron, Pb - lead, Zn - zinc, etc.). See an example of such a map below. It was taken from the Soviet geological encyclopedia, published in 1984-1990.

In addition, there is a certain GOST (No. 2.857-75), approved back in 1979. It developed its own color code for minerals, which is used exclusively in mining. So, for example, in this GOST they are indicated by a purple tint, copper - green, but mercury - red.

combustible minerals

Fuel resources, as a rule, are displayed on the maps as black symbols. Let's find out what the most common ones look like:

• Coal is a shaded equilateral square.
• Brown coal - a square with diagonal hatching.
• Oil is an isosceles shaded triangle.
• Gas is an isosceles empty triangle.
• Oil shale is a shaded parallelogram.
• Peat is a pyramid of three rectangles.

Interestingly, the symbol for oil is very reminiscent of a real oil rig.

Ore minerals

Deposits of black ores and on geographical maps are often indicated by conventional red symbols. Let's find out what kind of the most common of them are:

• Iron ore is a filled equilateral triangle.
• Manganese ore is a sign resembling a crown with two prongs.
• Titanium is a rhombus with the left half shaded.
• Molybdenum is a rhombus with a square inside.
• Wolfram is an empty square.
• Aluminum is a square with a circle inside.
• Copper is a filled rectangle.
• Mercury is an empty circle.
• Gold is a circle with a shaded left half.

Nonmetallic minerals

Non-metallic mineral resources (including various building materials) on maps are often (but not always) shown with green symbols. This is what some of them look like:

• Asbestos is a simple cross.
• Mica is a diagonally crossed square.
• Potassium salt - a cube with shaded top and side faces.
• Salt rock - a cube with unpainted faces.
• Glauber's salt is an inverted T-shaped sign.
• Sulfur is an equilateral triangle with the left half shaded.
• Quartz is a rhombus with the right half shaded.
• Limestone is a square crossed along both diagonals.
• Phosphorites - a filled circle with a vertical slot.

An interesting fact: the graphite symbol resembles a pencil in its style, in which, as you know, a graphite rod is used.

Finally

Now you know what the symbols for minerals look like on maps. The most common of them should be memorized by every educated person. These are primarily the icons of oil, natural gas, iron ore, coal and peat. But knowing how the designations of other mineral resources look like will also not be superfluous.

Crude oil is a liquid natural fossil mixture of hydrocarbons of a wide physical and chemical composition, which contains dissolved gas, water, mineral salts, mechanical impurities and serves as the main raw material for the production of liquid energy carriers (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil), lubricating oils, bitumen and coke. Oil extracted from the earth's interior is separated in the fields from dissolved gas, water and salts.

Oil prepared for delivery to the consumer in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documents is called commercial oil. According to GOST R51858-2002, commercial oil is divided into classes, types, groups, types according to physical and chemical properties, degree of preparation, content of hydrogen sulfide and light mercaptans.

Depending on the mass fraction of sulfur, oil is divided into classes (see Table 1). By density, yield of fractions and mass fraction of paraffin, oil is divided into 5 types: 0 - extra light, 1 - light, 2 - medium, 3 - heavy, 4 - bituminous. Characteristics of oils of various types are presented in table. 2.

According to the degree of preparation for transportation and processing of oil, they are divided into 3 groups (see Table 3). Depending on the content of hydrogen sulfide and light mercaptans, oil is divided into types (see Table 4).

The conventional designation of oil consists of four digits corresponding to the designations of the class, type, group and type of oil. When oil is supplied for export, the index "e" is added to the type designation.

Table 1

Oil classes

table 2

Oil types

Note - If, according to one of the indicators (density or fraction yield), oil belongs to a group with a lower number, and according to another to a group with a higher number, then the oil is recognized as corresponding to a group with a higher number.

Table 3

Groups of oil according to the degree of preparation

Note - If, according to one of the indicators, oil belongs to a group with a lower number, and according to another, to a group with a higher number, then the oil is recognized as corresponding to the group with a higher number.

Table 4

Types of oil by mass fraction of hydrogen sulfide and light mercaptans

Note - Oil with a rate of "less than 20 ppm ( ppm)» According to indicator 1 of the table, it is considered not to contain hydrogen sulfide

In the bowels of our planet lies a huge amount of various fuel and mineral resources. Their distribution is shown on special geographical maps. In this article, we will introduce you to the main signs and designations of minerals, as well as talk about the main mineral wealth of Russia.

Minerals in a nutshell

Minerals mean those natural formations in the earth's crust that are used or can be used in material production (as fuel or raw materials). Most often they are in a solid state of aggregation. But they can be liquid or gaseous (like oil or gas, for example).

According to their origin, minerals are organic or inorganic, according to the conditions of formation - metamorphic, magmatic or exogenous. According to their functional purpose, they are divided into three large groups:

1. Ore (aluminum, copper, iron, gold).
2. Non-metallic (diamonds, limestone, sand, rock salt).
3. Fuel or combustible (oil, natural gas, coal, shale).

Sometimes precious and semiprecious stones are classified into a separate group.

Minerals occur at various depths. In the bowels of the earth's crust, they are found in the form of veins, lenses, layers, placers, etc. Many of them are extracted by man to the surface with the help of mines, quarries and wells. The field of economic activity, which is engaged in the development and extraction of minerals, is called mining.

Symbols for minerals on maps

Deposits of certain mineral resources are marked on a number of maps: general geographical, geological, economic and others. In this case, special designations of minerals are used. They belong to the category of off-scale cartographic signs.

Geographic designations of minerals used in cartography are generally accepted. How they look - you can see in the diagram below. These signs are studied at school as part of the subjects of general geography and natural history. They can also be found in school and thematic atlases.

In addition, there is a special GOST number 2.857-75, which was developed by a number of Russian scientific institutes. This standard specifies not only the designations of minerals, but also the conditions of their occurrence. However, these signs are used exclusively by geologists. So, diamond deposits in this GOST are indicated in red, sulfur - lemon, oil - brown, rock salt - purple.

But we will nevertheless return to those designations of minerals that are widely used in cartography. Let's take a closer look at what the conventional icons of those mineral resources that are of the most important industrial importance in the modern world look like.

Ore minerals: symbols of deposits

Examples: iron and copper, nickel, mercury, tin, aluminum, gold, tungsten.

Symbols of ore minerals on the maps are most often red. They look like this:

• Iron ores - shaded
• Titanium is a rhombus with a shaded left half.
• Molybdenum is a rhombus with a white square inside.
• Copper is a shaded elongated rectangle.
• Tungsten is an unfilled square.
• Mercury is an unfilled circle.
• Aluminum is an equilateral square with a circle inside.
• Gold is a circle with a shaded left half.
• Polymetallic ores - a designation resembling a radiation hazard sign.

Nonmetallic minerals

Examples: graphite, limestone, sand, kaolin, granite, clay, rock salt, phosphate rock, marble.

Symbols for non-metallic minerals on maps usually have a green tint. They look like this:

• Asbestos is the sign of a simple Greek cross.
• Native sulfur is an equilateral triangle with a shaded left half.
• Mica is an empty square crossed along one diagonal.
• Phosphorites - a filled circle with a vertical slot in the middle.
• Apatity - a filled circle with a horizontal slot in the middle.
• Diamonds - an eight-pointed asterisk.
• Limestone is an empty square crossed along both diagonals.
• Kaolin is a square crossed along one diagonal, with the right half shaded.

Fuel (combustible) minerals

Examples: oil, natural gas, peat, oil shale.

Conventional signs of fuel minerals on the maps, as a rule, have a black color. They look like this:

• Oil is a shaded isosceles triangle.
• Natural gas is an empty isosceles triangle.
• Coal is a shaded equilateral square.
• Brown coal is an empty square with diagonal hatching.
• Oil shale - shaded parallelogram.

Minerals map of Russia

Russia is the largest country in the world by area. Therefore, it is not surprising that a huge amount of a wide variety of minerals is concentrated on its territory. In the bowels of Russia, deposits of oil, gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, and precious stones have been discovered, explored and are being developed.

The chain of the Ural Mountains is extremely rich in ore deposits. There are copper, iron, manganese, nickel, chromite ores, as well as gold and platinum. Ornamental stones of magnificent beauty are also found here. Huge reserves of mercury are also concentrated in Altai. Transbaikalia and gold.

In the sedimentary cover of the ancient East European platform, colossal reserves of coal are concentrated. The richest deposits of oil and gas are located in Western Siberia. Potash salts are mined in the foothills of the Urals and on the coast - the most valuable raw material for the chemical industry. In more detail, the designations of minerals in Russia are shown on the following map.

According to geologists, the country has enormous reserves of oil (12% of the world's reserves), natural gas (3%), iron ore (25%), nickel (33%), zinc (15%), potassium salt (31%). However, the degree of their industrial development remains quite low. The total mineral reserves of Russia are estimated by experts at 28,000 billion US dollars.

Vladimir Khomutko

Reading time: 4 minutes

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Oil: symbol in the Forex market

Oil is the basis of economic stability in many countries of the world. It so happened historically that the US dollar and oil are closely related, since it is the United States of America that is the world's largest consumer of black gold, and more recently, it has also become one of the top three world leaders in its production.

All this has made oil on the Forex market one of the best instruments for exchange trading that traders love. Currently, most of the brokers in this market provide the opportunity to trade this product.

The most common oil designations in the Forex market

The cost of an oil barrel is currently known to many people, even those who are far from oil trade, since the exchange rate of the national currency largely depends on this price. Hydrocarbon raw materials are consumed in colossal quantities, as a result of which huge volumes of this energy resource pass through the auctions every day. As a result of these auctions, prices for it are formed, which are called oil quotes in professional language.

The cost of a barrel is formed on three main world exchanges: London, New York and Singapore.

The designation of oil on the Forex market, through which these trading platforms are available, as well as the basic concepts of this market, are as follows:

• several reference grades of black gold are traded: Brent, WTI, Dubai Crude, etc.;
• one lot - one hundred barrels;
• the spread varies from 3 to 15 US dollars (depending on the broker).

Varieties of oil on the "Forex" are indicated in Latin letters. So, for example, the Brent brand in quotes is designated UKOIL, and WTI is designated USOIL. In addition to transactions focused on the difference in the current value of oil mixtures, which are referred to as CFDs, you can trade contracts for future deliveries, which are called futures. The designations for futures are as follows:

• BR - contracts for the future supply of Brent raw materials;
• CL - contracts for the future supply of Light Sweet (WTI) crude oil.

These are the most common Latin abbreviations. However, each broker may have their own symbols to describe a particular transaction. As a rule, in the designation of such transactions there are also signs - a Latin letter and a number. The letter indicates the month of delivery (when working with fixed-term contracts), and the number indicates the year of delivery. For example, the abbreviation BRN17 means that a contract was signed for the supply of Brent crude oil in June (N) 2017.

Forex is a transnational market. Whole states and the largest international consortiums, as well as small firms and private players (individuals) trade on it.

Often, even airlines trade in black gold to insure themselves against sharp fluctuations in quotes. They earn mainly on the difference in the cost of a barrel (bought cheaper - sold more expensive), although there are other trading schemes. As well as the foreign exchange market, the commodity market is influenced by a number of factors of a political, financial, social, economic nature, and so on.

Black gold itself is traded against the US dollar on Forex.

The price is set per barrel of crude oil and then adjusted based on supply and demand. The price is constantly changing within one day.

The direct participants in the transaction are the seller and the buyer. On the Forex exchange, transactions of a speculative nature are mainly carried out, that is, no one physically delivers the goods to anyone.

Quotes are posted in real time on electronic trading platforms, which are used by traders. The growth of oil prices in the long term can cause an increase in prices for certain types of fuel oil products (gasoline and diesel fuel).

Intensive economic growth causes an increase in demand and an increase in the cost of a barrel, and stagnation leads to its fall.

It is worth noting that oil is a fairly “young” product at Forex (previously, it was traded mainly in currencies), and therefore it has its own advantages, namely:

Oil and the US dollar, as we said above, are closely related to each other. Changes in oil prices affect the exchange rate of the American currency, and the opposite effect is also possible (for example, when the US Federal Reserve rate changes). Following the dollar exchange rate, the currencies of other countries are adjusted.

Trading commodities in the stock market is a good investment move, since the risks in trading commodities are quite reasonable (unlike foreign exchange trading).

The exchange rates of national currencies are relatively stable as long as their domestic economy is stable. The intensification of economic growth rates strengthens the national currency, and stagnation leads to its weakening.

Trading in hydrocarbon raw materials is quite popular among traders. It develops along with trading in precious metals and currencies.

However, when entering this market, it is necessary to develop your own strategy and enlist the support of professionals, since exchange trading is always associated with increased risks. The strategy can be worked out on special demo accounts, where real money is not involved, and then move on to trading for real money, playing in small lots.